This is a topic which introduces the detail of the atom, the idea of stability, the photon model E = hf, antiparticles and the interactions of particles. There is quite a lot of wordy detail and basic facts to learn with a small number of calculations such as specific charge or E = hf to cover. Also make sure you know what an electron volt is and how to derive it from first principals. Energies may also be expressed in Joules or MeV so be sure on that one as well. Also you must visit https://www.particleadventure.org/ to read around the first three topics. If you don’t you will fail the exam! But a word of caution you will not need to know everything on the site. The AS Physics Exam does not cover every particle in the universe so check the specs!
Video to introduce AS Physics for AQA. The first topic covers mainly ...
Video to introduce AS Physics for AQA. The first topic covers mainly specific charge as a key concept.
active
1.2 neutrinos.flv
Physics explaining the neutrino
Physics explaining the neutrino
active
British Museum Gebelein Man - Oldest Mummy found in the World!
Gebelein, Egypt, Predynastic period, around 3500 BC A naturally preserved ...
Gebelein, Egypt, Predynastic period, around 3500 BC
A naturally preserved mummy in a reconstructed pit-grave.
This man died more than five thousand years ago and was buried at the site of Gebelein, ...in Upper Egypt. The reconstruction of his grave illustrates the early Egyptian custom of placing the body in a contracted, foetal position, usually on the left side, with the head to the south, facing the west, the land of the dead where he would be reborn. Around him were all the things he might need for his afterlife, especially pottery to hold and serve food.
In the Predynastic period (4400-3100 BC), the time before the pharaohs, the dead were buried in shallow graves cut into the desert sand. The graves were often lined with reed mats, making them like a bed, and the body was covered with linen or skins and more mats, like a blanket, before the grave was refilled and perhaps topped by a mound of dirt. Contact with the hot dry sand naturally preserved the bodies because the sand absorbed the water that constitutes approximately 75% by weight of the human body. Bacteria cannot breed without moisture and as a result, the bodies frequently did not decay, but simply dried out. The body of this man is remarkably well-preserved, even down to his finger-nails and hair, which has probably faded with time.
Chance discoveries of these sand-dried mummies (for example, when a grave was disturbed by animals or robbers), may have promoted the belief that physical preservation of the body was necessary for the afterlife. This may have led the later Egyptians to develop means of artificial mummification after the introduction of coffins and deeper graves separated the body from the natural drying effects of the sand.
The objects that surrounded Gebelein Man in his original burial are unknown. On display is a selection of typical grave-goods from other graves of the middle Predynastic period (about 3500 BC), the time we believe he died. Attempts to date the body using Carbon 14 (the radiocarbon method) have so far been unsuccessful[+] Show More
active
GCSE Science Revision - Carbon Dating
active
What led physicists to propose the existence of neutrinos?
Neutrinos have long been a part of the Standard Model of particle physics, ...
Neutrinos have long been a part of the Standard Model of particle physics, but their introduction to that model was a result of physicists missing something in their reactions. Brian ...Greene explains.
Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for all the latest from World Science U.
Scientists are aware of four fundamental forces- gravity, electromagnetism, ...
Scientists are aware of four fundamental forces- gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Most people have at least some familiarity with gravity and electromagnetism, but not the ...other two. How is it that scientists are so certain that two additional forces exist? In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains why scientists are so certain that the strong force exists.[+] Show More
active
The Four Fundamental Forces - IB Physics
Lecture on Gravity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkmJQdUS0W0 Lectures on ...
Lecture on exchange particles/bosons: (coming soon)
active
The Photon - A Level Physics
This video introduces and explains the Photon for A Level Physics. What ...
This video introduces and explains the Photon for A Level Physics.
What exactly is a photon? This video shows how we can use the particle model, with individual corpuscles of energy, ...to explain certain properties of EM radiation. In quantum physics we discover a phenomena called wave-particle duality - this is very important for understanding the photon.
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL Your support in watching this video has been invaluable! To contribute towards the free videos on YouTube, make a small donation at: ► https://www.paypal.me/physicsonline
Everyone has seen them, lasers, and have probably teased many cats with them. Just how do those little devices manage to ...put out this nice beam of light? Lasers are ubiquitous not only in scientific research but also industry – knowing why this is and how they work is the motivation behind discussing it.
This video is a complete guide to how a laser works.
This video is a quick introduction to the rules of feynman diagrams for AS ...
This video is a quick introduction to the rules of feynman diagrams for AS Physics. Some very useful rules here!
active
Feynman Diagrams - A Level Physics
This video introduces and explains Feynman Diagrams for A Level Physics. ...
This video introduces and explains Feynman Diagrams for A Level Physics.
Feynman diagrams should be familiar to you as the Physics Online logo is one! Particle interactions are described by Feynman ...diagrams as they interact. Two particles, that interact via a force, exchange a force exchange particle called a boson which 'carries' the force.
An important interaction that we can display with a Feynman diagram is beta decay.
Thanks for watching,
Lewis
This video is recommended for anyone studying A Level Physics in the following exam boards: AQA CIE Eduqas WJEC
_____________________________________
MY PHYSICS WEBSITES Find even more videos organised by exam board and topic at:
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL Your support in watching this video has been invaluable! To contribute towards the free videos on YouTube, make a small donation at: ► https://www.paypal.me/physicsonline
This is a test designed to check if you understand Chapter 1 of the work you have completed. Only attempt this quiz when you have revised or you will not get a top score.
When you get a score you are happy with let you teacher know so they can put it in their markbook.
Start
Congratulations - you have completed AS Chapter 1 Matter and Radiation.
You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%.
Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%
Your answers are highlighted below.
Question 1
What is special about W+ & W- Bosons:
A
The W Boson is an exchange particle which has a very short life time 10^(-19) s so it does not travel very far.
B
The W+ Boson is an exchange particle which has a very short life time 10^(-27) s and then turns into a W- after this time.
C
The W Boson is an exchange particle which has a very long life time 10^(27) s so it does not travel very far.
D
The W Boson is an exchange particle which has a very short life time 10^(-27) s so it does not travel very far.
Question 2
Here are all the isotopes of carbon. Can you correctly work out what particle is emitted in each case?
C14 (5730 years T1/2)
C13 C12 C11 (20.3min T1/2)
C10 (19.2s T1/2)
A
All Beta -
B
Alpha,0,0,Alpha,Alpha
C
Alpha, Beta+, Beta+, Beta -, Beta -
D
Beta+,0,0,Beta-,Beta-
E
Beta-,0,0,Beta+,Beta+
Question 3
Cloud Chambers: These chambers show us charged particles by creating droplets in a saturated gas. The particles can be deflected by a magnetic field and show momentum and charge +/- to an observer. Carl Anderson found the positron by this method.
What do they show?
A
That charge particles curve one way, and an antiparticle will curve the opposite way but by twice the amount of the particle.
B
That charged particles curve one way, and an antiparticle will curve the opposite way but by the same amount.
C
That anti-particles were not detected.
D
That charged particles curve one way, and an antiparticle will curve the same way but by the same amount.
Question 4
Pair Production only occurs when....
the photon energy E= hf = hc/λ is greater than or equal to 2mc2, where m is the mass of the particle, with rest energy mc2 for each particle of the pair produced.
A
The photon energy E= hf = hc/λ is less than 2mc^2, where m is the mass of the particle, with rest energy mc^2 for each particle of the pair produced.
B
The photon energy E= hf = hc/λ is greater than or equal to 2mc^2, where m is the mass of the particle, with rest energy mc^2 for each particle of the pair produced.
C
The photon energy E= hf = hλ/c > 2mc^2, where m is the mass of the particle, with rest energy mc^2 for each particle of the pair produced.
D
Very far from the nucleus of an atom when E= hf is less thatn 2mc^2
Question 5
Neutrinos: These are produced in the Sun by the weak interaction (β+ or β- decay). They have no charge or mass and are not affected by strong or electromagnetic force. They are fundamental particles. There are three types, or “flavours”, of neutrinos: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos. Each type also has a corresponding antiparticle, called an antineutrino with an opposite chirality.
When we have a beta + decay and beta - decay we produce.....
A
b-.........electron + electron antineutron
b+..........anti positron + electron neutrino
B
b-.........electron + electron antineutron
b+..........positron + electron neutrino
C
b-.........anti electron + electron antineutron
b+..........positron + electron neutrino
D
b+.........electron + electron antineutron
b-..........positron + electron neutrino
Question 6
“Positron Emission Tomography” is a process where a radioactive tracer is injected into the body. The body then metabolises the isotope at a certain rate. The isotope then decays and producing a position which decays into two gamma ray photons when it hits an adjacent electron. These photons are picked up and mapped to produce 3D images.
What fundamental force is used to detect the boson used to visualise the effect....
A
electromagnetic
B
strong
C
weak
D
graviton
Question 7
Protons and Neutrons make up the nucleus. They have a mass of 1 relative to each other but an actual mass of 1.67 x 10-27kg. The proton carries a charge of +1.6 x 10-19C. In certain calculations you must use the actual values.
What is the charge to mass ratio of proton or neutron....
A
1
B
1/4
C
95808383C/kg
D
1.04 x 10^(-6)C/kg
E
-1
Question 7 Explanation:
Simply work out the total charge / total mass!
Question 8
The electrostatic force.....
A
Affects all charged particles i.e. protons, electrons, positrons, muons etc.. either attract or repel each other. The force gets very large at small separations. Photon is the exchange particle
B
Affects all neutral particles i.e. neutrons, neutrinos etc.. either attract or repel each other. The force gets very large at small separations. Photon is the exchange particle
C
Affects all anti particles either attract or repel each other. The force gets very large at small separations. Photon is the exchange particle
D
Affects all charged particles i.e. protons, electrons, positrons, muons etc.. either attract or repel each other. The force gets very large at small separations. W- / W+ is the exchange particle
Question 9
Rutherford did an experiment to investigate the nucleus. He fired alpha particles at the nucleus and found that most went through and a few returned deflected at 180° or near to.
The conclusion was that.....
A
the nucleus was negative with particles around it
B
the nucleus was very small and very positive with a lot of empty space around it
C
the nucleus was very small and very negative with a lot of empty space around it
D
the nucleus is large and very positive with a lot of empty space around it
E
the nucleus was very small and very positive with a no empty space around it
Question 9 Explanation:
It makes perfect sense and usually gets you two marks if you put a full answer!
Question 10
Rest Energy: Sometimes we talk of the rest energy of a particle. This is the energy it takes to form a particle. The units we usually use to express this are Joules or electron volts. However, we often use MeV or GeV which
A
are 1 x 10^(6)eV or 1 x 10^(9)eV respectively.
B
are 1 x 10^(3)eV are or 1 x 10^(6)eV respectively.
C
are 1 x 10^(6)eV are or 1 x 10^(3)eV respectively.
D
are 1 x 10^(9)eV are or 1 x 10^(6)eV respectively.
Question 11
Isotopes are simply elements with more or less neutrons. This means that they can be more unstable than the ones usually found in the periodic table. Often Isotopes appear in small % so effect the relative mass of a sample. Carbon is a good example with many isotopes. An example of an Isotope of Carbon would be...
A
14n, 14p, 14e
B
13n, 12p, 12e
C
12n, 13p, 12e
D
13n, 13p, 13e
Question 12
What is the energy of a 600nm EM wave
c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1 h = 6.63 x 10-34Js
A
2.3 x 10^(-19)J
B
3.32 x 10^(-19)J
C
7.02eV
D
1.07eV
Question 13
Instead of thinking of the removal of an electron as -1 or the atoms charge becomes +1 to form a +1 ion i.e. Na+. Mass or p or n = 1.67 x 10-27kg. The proton carries a charge of +1.6 x 10-19C.
Now we think about ions as having an overal charge of….
1.6 x 10-19C -> +1
3.2 x 10-19C -> +2
4.8 x 10-19C -> +3
If we think about a Magnesium atom (24 mass, 12p) becoming a +2 ion what would the specfic charge of the ion be?
A
1.24 x 10^(-7) kg/C
B
8.04 x 10^(6) C/kg
C
1.24 x 10^(-7) C/kg
D
8.04 x 10^(6) kg/C
E
3.2 x 10^(-19) C
Question 13 Explanation:
You need to work out that Magnesium has lost 2 electrons or 3.2x10^(-19)C
Question 14
Electrons are negatively charged -1.6 x 10-19C and have an opposite charge to that of a proton. What is the charge on the proton?
A
+1.6 x 10^(-19)C
B
+1.0 x 10^(-19)C
C
-1.6 x 10^(-19)C
D
-1
E
+1
Question 15
What best describes the strong force or interaction Acts on nucleons only as they contain quarks. It keeps the nucleus stable; short-range attraction to about 3 fm, very-short range repulsion below about 0.5 fm. This balance causes nucleons to be happy at the distance to make a stable atom.
A
Acts on protons only as they contain quarks. It keeps the nucleus stable; long-range attraction to about 3 fm, very-short range repulsion below about 0.5 fm.
B
Acts on charged particles only as they contain quarks. It keeps the nucleus stable; short-range attraction to about 3 fm, very-short range repulsion below about 0.5 fm.
C
Acts on nucleons only as they contain quarks. It keeps the nucleus stable; short-range attraction to about 3 fm, very-short range repulsion below about 0.5 fm.
D
Acts on nucleons only as they contain quarks. It keeps the nucleus stable; long-range attraction to about 3 fm, very-long range repulsion below about 0.5 fm.
Once you are finished, click the button below. Any items you have not completed will be marked incorrect. Get Results
There are 15 questions to complete.
←
List
→
Return
Shaded items are complete.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
End
Return
You have completed
questions
question
Your score is
Correct
Wrong
Partial-Credit
You have not finished your quiz. If you leave this page, your progress will be lost.
Correct Answer
You Selected
Not Attempted
Final Score on Quiz
Attempted Questions Correct
Attempted Questions Wrong
Questions Not Attempted
Total Questions on Quiz
Question Details
Results
Date
Score
Hint
Time allowed
minutes
seconds
Time used
Answer Choice(s) Selected
Question Text
All done
Need more practice!
Keep trying that is an Ungraded in an A-Level Test
Not bad!
Good work!
Perfect!
Permanent link to this article: https://www.animatedscience.co.uk/2-particles-and-radiation/1-matter-radiation
